http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2022(V-II).03
10.31703/gfpr.2022(V-II).03
Published : Jun 2022
Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts
The ineffectiveness of the existing space law treaties has allowed space faring nations to enhance their strategic capability, which has resulted in an increase in militarization and weaponization. Military use of the outer appears to be dominated by power politics, and there are uncertainties surrounding space governance and resources. Neither the established nor the emerging space faring states have actively engaged in arms control negotiations, including "Transparency and Confidence Building Measures (TCBMs)". Inthis article, the argument has been made that during the initial stages of the space race, various spacefaringnations agreed that the environment in outer space should be approached in a different manner; however,issues of military use of space and weaponization were not fully resolved through negations. These issues continue to persist in space law treaties in the form of legal lacuna's. If leftover issues from the Cold War-rivals are not resolved, the militarization of space will continue to increase.
-
Transparency and Confidence Building Measures, Legal Lacunas, Deterrence, Cold War Arms Control and Disarmament, Space faring Nations, Power Politics
-
(1) Shakeel Ahmad
Erin J. C. Arsenault Research Fellow at the Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
(2) Fazal Rabbi
ssociate Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Ahsan Riaz
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Alves, P. G. (1991). Prevention of an arms race in outer space: a guide to the discussions in the conference on disarmament. United Nations Publications.
- Arbatov, A., & Dvorkin, V. (Eds.). (2011). Outer space: Weapons, diplomacy, and security. Carnegie Endowment.
- Boothby. (2018). New technologies and the law in war and peace. Cambridge University Press.
- Cohen, M. (Ed.). (1964). Law and politics in space: specific and urgent problems in the law of outer space. McGill-Queen's Press- MQUP.
- Doboš, B. (2018). Geopolitics of the outer space: a European perspective. Springer.
- Fawcett, E., Griffiths, F., Clark, T., Polanyi, J. C., & Ignatieff, G. (1983). Canada Should Support International Satellite Monitoring Agency. Peace Research, 45- 53.
- Hays, P. L. (2011). Space and security: A reference handbook. ABC-CLIO.
- Jasani, B. (1982). Space: Battlefield of the future? Futures, 14(5), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(82)90061-1
- Jasentuliyana, N. (Ed.). (1995). Perspectives on international law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- Meyer, P. (2020). Arms Control in Outer Space: Mission Impossible or Unrealized Potential?. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2327352/arms-control-in-outer-space/3088035/
- Meyer, Paul. (2011).“The CD and PAROS: A Short Historyâ€. http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/the-conference-on-disarmament-and-the-prevention-of-an-arms-race-in-outer-space-370.pdf
- Nair, K. K. (2007). China's ASAT Test: A Demonstrated Need for Legal Reform. Journal Of Space Law, 33, 191- 271.
- National Security Action Memoranda [NSAM]: NSAM 156, Re: Negotiations on disarmament and peaceful uses of outer space, May 25 1962-July 16 1963, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKNSF/336/JFKNSF-336-012
- National Security Council Report, August 18, 1958 https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v02/d442
- Porras, D. (2019). Anti-satellite warfare and the case for an alternative draft treaty for space security. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 75 (4), 142-147.
- Shackelford, S. J. (2014). Governing the Final Frontier: A Polycentric Approach to Managing Space Weaponization and Debris. American Business Law Journal, 51(2), 429–513 https://doi.org/10.1111/ablj.12031
- Silverstein, B., Porras, D., & Borrie, J. (2020). Alternative approaches and indicators for the prevention of an arms race in outer space. UNIDIR
- UNGA. (2020). 75th session, Agenda item 10, https://www.un.org/en/ga/75/agenda/
- UNIDIR. (May 17, 2018). Towards ASAT Test Guidelines, https://unidir.org/publication/towards-asat-test-guidelines
- UNODA. (1983). The Implications of Establishing an International Satellite Monitoring Agency, Disarmament. Study Series, 9. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/publication/25f38257-en
- UNODA. (2019). Seventy-Fourth Session, https://www.un.org/disarmament/meetings/firstcommittee-74
- UNODA. (2021). Report of the Secretary- General on reducing space threats through norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours, (A/76/77), https://www.un.org/disarmament/topics/outerspace-sg-report-outer-space2021/#:~:text=By%20resolution%2075%2F36%2C%20the,could%20be%20considered%20responsible%2C%20irresponsible
- UNODA. First committee approval, 2019, 74th Session, https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/gadis3642.doc.htm
- UNOOSA. (1958) Question of the Peaceful use of Outer Space, “GA Resolution 1348 (XIII), https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/resolutions/1958/general_assembly_13th_session/res_1348_xiii.html
- UNOOSA. (1959). International Co-operation in the Peaceful uses of Outer Space. Resolution 1472 (XIV), https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/resolutions/1959/general_assembly_14th_session/res_1472_xiv.html
- UNOOSA. (1967). Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,†(OST), https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/introouterspacetreaty.htm
- UNTC. (1963). Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water,(PTBT) https://treaties.un.org/pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002801313d9
- US National Space Strategy. (2018). https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unveiling-america-first-national-space-strategy/
Cite this article
-
APA : Ahmad, S., Rabbi, F., & Riaz, A. (2022). Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts. Global Foreign Policies Review, V(II), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2022(V-II).03
-
CHICAGO : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fazal Rabbi, and Ahsan Riaz. 2022. "Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts." Global Foreign Policies Review, V (II): 20-28 doi: 10.31703/gfpr.2022(V-II).03
-
HARVARD : AHMAD, S., RABBI, F. & RIAZ, A. 2022. Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts. Global Foreign Policies Review, V, 20-28.
-
MHRA : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fazal Rabbi, and Ahsan Riaz. 2022. "Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts." Global Foreign Policies Review, V: 20-28
-
MLA : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fazal Rabbi, and Ahsan Riaz. "Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts." Global Foreign Policies Review, V.II (2022): 20-28 Print.
-
OXFORD : Ahmad, Shakeel, Rabbi, Fazal, and Riaz, Ahsan (2022), "Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts", Global Foreign Policies Review, V (II), 20-28
-
TURABIAN : Ahmad, Shakeel, Fazal Rabbi, and Ahsan Riaz. "Unresolved Cold War Issues of Contemporary Outer Space Arms Control Efforts." Global Foreign Policies Review V, no. II (2022): 20-28. https://doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2022(V-II).03