67 gfpr 10.31703/gfpr Global Foreign Policies Review gfpr 2788-502X 2788-5038 Humanity Publications Pakistan 394489 10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-II).03 4956 1.0 article Bridging Borders: How the Indian Factor Affects Relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan after the US-Taliban Peace Accord Khan Sana Ullah Conceptualization Writing – original draft Hussain Sajid Writing – review & editing Khan Gulzar Writing – review & editing Ph.D. Scholar, Department Of Political Science, Qurtuba University Of Science & Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan KP Pakistan Corresponding Author: Sana Ullah Khan, Ph.D. Scholar, Department Of Political Science, Qurtuba University Of Science & Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

This study did not require formal ethics approval.

Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

 30 06 2023 06 2023 25 05 2023 6 2 Spring 22 34 25 05 2023

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

 2023 Humanity Publications This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Full Text PDF

Regional and local dynamics in Afghanistan have shifted since the US-Taliban peace pact. Pakistan is concerned about Indian involvement in Afghanistan. Afghanistan is geopolitically and strategically linked with Pakistan. After the US takeover of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India's longstanding rivalry entered a new phase. The pro-Indian regime strengthened Indian involvement in Afghanistan during the US occupation. New Delhi, Islamabad's archival, is trying to put Afghanistan in its sphere of influence to isolate Pakistan from its Western and regional politics. India has become more involved in Afghan issues. Pakistan suffered security, strategic, political, and economic consequences. Pakistan anticipated US exit would cease Indian involvement in Afghan affairs, and install a favourable regime. After the takeover, the Taliban urged Indian investment and good relations with India. Pakistan faces security, political, economic, diplomatic issues with Afghanistan. This paper examines the Indian component in Pakistan-Afghanistan relations, and the US- Taliban peace pact using Neo-realism, Balance of Power, and Prisoner Dilemma theories.

 Afghanistan Peace Accord Pak-Afghan Relations Geopolitics Proxy War views1246 downloads23 html-views0 google-scholar-citations0 crossref-citations0 Content

Regional and local dynamics in Afghanistan have shifted since the US-Taliban peace pact. Pakistan is concerned about Indian involvement in Afghanistan. Afghanistan is geopolitically and strategically linked with Pakistan. After the US takeover of Afghanistan, Pakistan and India's longstanding rivalry entered a new phase. The pro-Indian regime strengthened Indian involvement in Afghanistan during the US occupation. New Delhi, Islamabad's archival, is trying to put Afghanistan in its sphere of influence to isolate Pakistan from its Western and regional politics. India has become more involved in Afghan issues. Pakistan suffered security, strategic, political, and economic consequences. Pakistan anticipated US exit would cease Indian involvement in Afghan affairs, and install a favourable regime. After the takeover, the Taliban urged Indian investment and good relations with India. Pakistan faces security, political, economic, diplomatic issues with Afghanistan. This paper examines the Indian component in Pakistan-Afghanistan relations, and the US- Taliban peace pact using Neo-realism, Balance of Power, and Prisoner Dilemma theories.

 Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

 Ethics Statement

This study did not require formal ethics approval.

 Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article.

 Supplementary Materials Full Text PDF References Baloch, Q. B. & Niazi, A. H. K 2009 . Indian encroachment in Afghanistan: A new Imperialism in the Making The Dialogue 3 1 15 33 Baloch, Q. B. & Niazi, A. H. K. (2009). Indian encroachment in Afghanistan: A new Imperialism in the Making. The Dialogue, 3(1), 15-33. https://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/3_1/02_Indian%20Encroachment%20in%20Afghanistan.pdf Chandra, V 2005 . The Afghan Elections and the Bonn Process: Assessing India’s Options Strategic Analysis 29 4 723 Chandra, V. (2005). The Afghan Elections and the Bonn Process: Assessing India’s Options. Strategic Analysis, 29(4), 723–731. 10.1080/09700161.2005.12050288 10.1080/09700161.2005.12050288 Chaudhuri, R & Shende, S. (2020, June 2). Dealing with the Taliban: India’s Strategy in Afghanistan after U.S. Withdrawal. CARNEGIE Endowment for International Peace, Working Paper eace Chaudhuri, R. & Shende, S. (2020, June 2). Dealing with the Taliban: India’s Strategy in Afghanistan after U.S. Withdrawal. CARNEGIE Endowment for International Peace, Working Paper, https://carnegieindia.org/2020/06/02/dealing-with-taliban-india-s-strategy-in-Afghanistan-after-u.s.-withdrawal-pub-81951 Ganguly, S., & Kapur, S. P 2010 . The Sorcerer’s Apprentice: Islamist Militancy in South Asia The Washington Quarterly 33 1 47 Ganguly, S., & Kapur, S. P. (2010). The Sorcerer’s Apprentice: Islamist Militancy in South Asia. The Washington Quarterly, 33(1), 47–59. 10.1080/01636600903418686 10.1080/01636600903418686 Ghufran, N 2003 . “Repatriation of Afghan refugees: Achievements and obstacles”, in MoonisAhmar (ed.) The Challenge of Rebuilding Afghanistan. Karachi: University of Karachi Ghufran, N. (2003). “Repatriation of Afghan refugees: Achievements and obstacles”, in MoonisAhmar (ed.). The Challenge of Rebuilding Afghanistan. Karachi: University of Karachi Grare, F 2010 . “Pakistan,” in Ashley J Tellis and Aroop Mukharji, Is a Regional Strategy Viable in Afghanistan? (eds.), Washington, D.C., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace akistan Grare, F. (2010). “Pakistan,” in Ashley J. Tellis and Aroop Mukharji, Is a Regional Strategy Viable in Afghanistan? (eds.), Washington, D.C., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Hameed, S 2012 . Prospects for Indian- Pakistani Cooperation in Afghanistan Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies rospects Hameed, S. (2012). Prospects for Indian- Pakistani Cooperation in Afghanistan. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies Haqqani, H 2005 . Pakistan: Between the Mosque and the Military Sani H. Panhwar akistan Haqqani, H. (2005). Pakistan: Between the Mosque and the Military. Sani H. Panhwar. Javaid, U. & Javaid, R 2016 . Indian Influence in Afghanistan and its Implications for Pakistan Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 53 1 1 12 Javaid, U. & Javaid, R. (2016). Indian Influence in Afghanistan and its Implications for Pakistan. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 53(1), 1-12. Kiran, A 2009 . Indian quest for strategic ingress in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan ISSRA Papers 1 1 12 27 Kiran, A. (2009). Indian quest for strategic ingress in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan. ISSRA Papers, 1(1), 12-27. Malhotra, J (2020, March 3). “India Took the High Moral Ground by Not Talking to Taliban and Lost Influence in Afghanistan”. The Print rint Malhotra, J. (2020, March 3). “India Took the High Moral Ground by Not Talking to Taliban and Lost Influence in Afghanistan”. The Print. Panag, H S. (2020, January 31). “If India wants to be a Key Player in Afghanistan, it has to engage with the Taliban”. The Print anag Panag, H. S. (2020, January 31). “If India wants to be a Key Player in Afghanistan, it has to engage with the Taliban”. The Print. Pant, H. V 2011 . India’s changing role: The Afghanistan conflict The Middle East Quarterly 18 2 31 Pant, H. V. (2011). India’s changing role: The Afghanistan conflict. The Middle East Quarterly, 18(2), 31–39. Perlez, J (2021, October 7). “The real winner of the Afghan war? It’s not who you think”. The New York Times erlez Perlez, J. (2021, October 7). “The real winner of the Afghan war? It’s not who you think”. The New York Times Raiphea, Y. P 2013 . India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership: An Analysis of India, Afghanistan and Pakistan Perspectives International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3 4 1 4 Raiphea, Y. P. (2013). India-Afghanistan Strategic Partnership: An Analysis of India, Afghanistan and Pakistan Perspectives. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(4), 1-4. Rais, R. B 1993 . Afghanistan and the Regional Powers Asian Survey 33 9 905 Rais, R. B. (1993). Afghanistan and the Regional Powers. Asian Survey, 33(9), 905–922. 10.1525/as.1993.33.9.00p0315p 10.1525/as.1993.33.9.00p0315p Rajamohan, C (2003, September 7). “India’s new road to Afghanistan”. The Hindu Rajamohan, C. (2003, September 7). “India’s new road to Afghanistan”. The Hindu. Rana, M A. (2011, December 25). “Strategic Sensitivities”. Dawn Rana, M. A. (2011, December 25). “Strategic Sensitivities”. Dawn. http://www.dawn.com/news/683155/strategic-sensitivities Randolph, E (2010, January 5). “India’s Afghanistan Dilemma”. The Guardian Randolph, E. (2010, January 5). “India’s Afghanistan Dilemma”. The Guardian. Rashid, A 2008 . Descent into Chaos: The U.S and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Penguin Books akistan Rashid, A. (2008). Descent into Chaos: The U.S. and the Disaster in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia. Penguin Books. Shah, B 2005 . Pakistan, India, and the Post 9/11 Afghanistan Central Asia akistan Shah, B. (2005). Pakistan, India, and the Post 9/11 Afghanistan. Central Asia, 57, 344- 355. Shinwari, A. J 2019 . An assessment of peace negotiations between the United States government and the Taliban insurgent group, 2001-2018 Master Thesis, Johns Hopkins University eace Shinwari, A. J. (2019). An assessment of peace negotiations between the United States government and the Taliban insurgent group, 2001-2018. Master Thesis, Johns Hopkins University. Usman, T 2008 . Trust and mistrust: a case of Pak-Afghan Strained Relations (2001- 2008) PhD Diss. Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar ak-Afghan Usman, T. (2008). Trust and mistrust: a case of Pak-Afghan Strained Relations (2001- 2008). PhD Diss. Department of International Relations, University of Peshawar. Wani, Z. A 2022 . Geopolitical Dynamics in the Afghanistan–India–Pakistan Triangle India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 78 4 617 Wani, Z. A. (2022). Geopolitical Dynamics in the Afghanistan–India–Pakistan Triangle. India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 78(4), 617–633. 10.1177/09749284221127807 10.1177/09749284221127807 Zaki, M. M 2018 The Peace Puzzle: A Study of Afghanistan Peace Process eace Zaki, M. M. (2018). The Peace Puzzle: A Study of Afghanistan Peace Process. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330704171