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  <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">67</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="short-title">gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Global Foreign Policies Review</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">gfpr</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group>
  <issn publication-format="print">2788-502X</issn>
  <issn publication-format="electronic">2788-5038</issn>
  <self-uri xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com"/>
  <publisher>
    <publisher-name>Humanity Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Pakistan</publisher-loc>
  </publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
  <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">394522</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr.2023(VI-II).05</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="submission-id">4989</article-id>
  <article-version article-version-type="publisher">1.0</article-version>
  <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>article</subject>
    </subj-group>
  </article-categories>
  <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Analyzing Digital Propaganda in the Indian Sub-continent</article-title>
  </title-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="1" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Rahman</surname>
      <given-names>Syed Inam ur Rahman</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Conceptualization" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">Conceptualization</role>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – original draft" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">Writing – original draft</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="2">
    <name>
      <surname>Hussain</surname>
      <given-names>Shabir</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="3">
    <name>
      <surname>Asif</surname>
      <given-names>Mariam</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
  </contrib>
  <aff id="aff1">
    <label>1</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>/Incharge, Department of Media and Communication Studies (DMCS), International Islamic University (IIU)</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Assistant Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff2">
    <label>2</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of Media Studies, Bahria University</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff3">
    <label>3</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-e-Azam University</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Lecturer</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
  <corresp id="cor1">Corresponding Author: Syed Inam ur Rahman, Assistant Professor/Incharge, Department of Media and Communication Studies (DMCS), International Islamic University (IIU), Islamabad, Pakistan.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn-coi">
  <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="ethics-statement" id="fn-ethics">
  <p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="data-availability-statement" id="fn-data">
  <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
  <day>30</day>
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="print">
  <day>25</day>
  <month>05</month>
  <year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
  <volume>6</volume>
  <issue>2</issue>
  <season>Spring</season>
  <fpage>53</fpage>
  <lpage>63</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>25</day>
      <month>05</month>
      <year>2023</year>
    </date>
  </history>
<funding-group>
  <funding-statement>
<p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p>
  </funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<permissions>
  <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
  <copyright-holder>Humanity Publications</copyright-holder>
  <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
  </license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="text/html" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/article/analyzing-digital-propaganda-in-the-indian-subcontinent"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/yAtjsDdSSI.pdf"/>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/yAtjsDdSSI.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  <abstract>
    <p>Regional This article examines the existing response strategies of Pakistan to Indian digital propaganda. By analyzing selected hashtags over the past five years, media reports, policy matters and academic scholarship, the researcher has identified a number of deficiencies in the prevalent approach and offers policy recommendations for better practices. Overall, this article recommends that Pakistan should articulate a response strategy that has clear objectives, is powered by algorithms, should include news actors and utilize the void created by Modi’s ideological populism in India.</p>
  </abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
  <kwd>Indian Digital Propaganda</kwd>
  <kwd>Pakistan Response</kwd>
  <kwd>Algorithms</kwd>
  <kwd>Visuals</kwd>
  <kwd>Conflicts</kwd>
  <kwd>Populism</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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</front>
<body>
  <sec id="sec-intro">
    <title>Content</title>
    <p>Regional This article examines the existing response strategies of Pakistan to Indian digital propaganda. By analyzing selected hashtags over the past five years, media reports, policy matters and academic scholarship, the researcher has identified a number of deficiencies in the prevalent approach and offers policy recommendations for better practices. Overall, this article recommends that Pakistan should articulate a response strategy that has clear objectives, is powered by algorithms, should include news actors and utilize the void created by Modi’s ideological populism in India.</p>
  </sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group content-type="conflict-of-interest">
  <title>Conflict of Interest</title>
  <fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="ethics-statement">
  <title>Ethics Statement</title>
  <fn fn-type="ethics">
<p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="data-availability">
  <title>Data Availability</title>
  <fn fn-type="data-availability-statement">
<p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<app-group>
  <app id="app-suppl">
    <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/yAtjsDdSSI.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  </app>
</app-group>
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    <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2122579/india-credits-dg-ispr-pakistans-upper-hand-narrative-warfare">https://tribune.com.pk/story/2122579/india-credits-dg-ispr-pakistans-upper-hand-narrative-warfare</ext-link>
  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="Welch">
  <label>22</label>
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    <person-group person-group-type="author">Welch, D. (Ed.)</person-group>
    <year>2013</year>
    <article-title>. Propaganda, power and persuasion: From World War I to Wikileaks</article-title>
    <source>Bloomsbury Publishing</source>
    <page-range>ropaganda</page-range>
    Welch, D. (Ed.). (2013). Propaganda, power and persuasion: From World War I to Wikileaks. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>