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<journal-meta>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">67</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="short-title">gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Global Foreign Policies Review</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">gfpr</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group>
  <issn publication-format="print">2788-502X</issn>
  <issn publication-format="electronic">2788-5038</issn>
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  <publisher>
    <publisher-name>Humanity Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Pakistan</publisher-loc>
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<article-meta>
  <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">395719</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr.2025(VIII-II).02</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="submission-id">6186</article-id>
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      <subject>article</subject>
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  <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Dispute Resolution Mechanism of The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): A Comparative Study of Legal Mechanisms</article-title>
  </title-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="1" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Rani</surname>
      <given-names>Tabinda</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Conceptualization" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">Conceptualization</role>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – original draft" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">Writing – original draft</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="2">
    <name>
      <surname>Ahmad Khan</surname>
      <given-names>Shabir</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
  </contrib>
  <aff id="aff1">
    <label>1</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of Law, Hazara University Mansehra</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Lecturer</named-content>
    <addr-line>KP</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff2">
    <label>2</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Area Study Center (Russia, China &amp; Central Asia), University of Peshawar</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>KP</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
  <corresp id="cor1">Corresponding Author: Tabinda Rani, Lecturer, Department of Law, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn-coi">
  <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="ethics-statement" id="fn-ethics">
  <p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="data-availability-statement" id="fn-data">
  <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
  <day>30</day>
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="print">
  <day>24</day>
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
  <volume>8</volume>
  <issue>2</issue>
  <season>Spring</season>
  <fpage>11</fpage>
  <lpage>21</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>24</day>
      <month>06</month>
      <year>2025</year>
    </date>
  </history>
<funding-group>
  <funding-statement>
<p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p>
  </funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<permissions>
  <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
  <copyright-holder>Humanity Publications</copyright-holder>
  <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
  </license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="text/html" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/article/dispute-resolution-mechanism-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco-a-comparative-study-of-legal-mechanisms"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/lbDoD4xxJm.pdf"/>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/lbDoD4xxJm.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  <abstract>
    <p>Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s (SCO) expansion has increased opportunities; however it has also enhanced a myriad of challenges in the realm of dispute resolution and no comprehensive mechanism for addressing them exists. Many organizations according to the current research, rely on diplomatic involvement, compliance with international humanitarian law, legal courts, appellate tribunals, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), political discussion, mediation, agreements, negotiation, conciliation and diplomacy etc. This study attempts to explore how the Charter of SCO stipulates dispute resolution mechanisms (DRM) amongst memberstates? what conflict resolution methods do different international organizations employ? and what are the lacunae in SCO’s DRM? Through discourse and content analysis and  by utilizing doctrinal legal research methodology, this study concluded that charter lacks a comprehensive legal framework for addressing member states’ internal conflicts and disagreements.The study recommended that SCO needs to stipulate and employ on consensus, arbitration, courts, appellate bodies and administrative tribunals to settle their disputes.</p>
  </abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
  <kwd>Arbitration</kwd>
  <kwd>International Court of Justice</kwd>
  <kwd>International Organizations</kwd>
  <kwd>Legal Mechanisms</kwd>
  <kwd>SCO Dispute Resolution Mechanism</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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<body>
  <sec id="sec-intro">
    <title>Content</title>
    <p>Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s (SCO) expansion has increased opportunities; however it has also enhanced a myriad of challenges in the realm of dispute resolution and no comprehensive mechanism for addressing them exists. Many organizations according to the current research, rely on diplomatic involvement, compliance with international humanitarian law, legal courts, appellate tribunals, alternative dispute resolution (ADR), political discussion, mediation, agreements, negotiation, conciliation and diplomacy etc. This study attempts to explore how the Charter of SCO stipulates dispute resolution mechanisms (DRM) amongst memberstates? what conflict resolution methods do different international organizations employ? and what are the lacunae in SCO’s DRM? Through discourse and content analysis and  by utilizing doctrinal legal research methodology, this study concluded that charter lacks a comprehensive legal framework for addressing member states’ internal conflicts and disagreements.The study recommended that SCO needs to stipulate and employ on consensus, arbitration, courts, appellate bodies and administrative tribunals to settle their disputes.</p>
  </sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group content-type="conflict-of-interest">
  <title>Conflict of Interest</title>
  <fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="ethics-statement">
  <title>Ethics Statement</title>
  <fn fn-type="ethics">
<p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="data-availability">
  <title>Data Availability</title>
  <fn fn-type="data-availability-statement">
<p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<app-group>
  <app id="app-suppl">
    <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/lbDoD4xxJm.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  </app>
</app-group>
</back>
</article>