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  <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">67</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="short-title">gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr</journal-id>
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    <journal-title>Global Foreign Policies Review</journal-title>
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  <issn publication-format="print">2788-502X</issn>
  <issn publication-format="electronic">2788-5038</issn>
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  <publisher>
    <publisher-name>Humanity Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Pakistan</publisher-loc>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
  <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">395735</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr.2025(VIII-II).04</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="submission-id">6202</article-id>
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  <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">India’s Technological Ascendancy in South Asia: Strategic, Security, and Geopolitical Challenges for Pakistan</article-title>
  </title-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="1" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Farooq</surname>
      <given-names>Ahmad</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Conceptualization" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">Conceptualization</role>
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  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="2">
    <name>
      <surname>Khan</surname>
      <given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
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  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="3">
    <name>
      <surname>Khan</surname>
      <given-names>Sidra</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
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  <aff id="aff1">
    <label>1</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>(IR), Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">PhD Scholar</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff2">
    <label>2</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University Islamabad (IIUI)</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff3">
    <label>3</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of International Relations, Bahria University Karachi</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Assistant Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>Sindh</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
  <corresp id="cor1">Corresponding Author: Ahmad Farooq, PhD Scholar (IR), Department of Politics and International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn-coi">
  <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="ethics-statement" id="fn-ethics">
  <p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="data-availability-statement" id="fn-data">
  <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
  <day>30</day>
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="print">
  <day>24</day>
  <month>06</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
  <volume>8</volume>
  <issue>2</issue>
  <season>Spring</season>
  <fpage>31</fpage>
  <lpage>36</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>24</day>
      <month>06</month>
      <year>2025</year>
    </date>
  </history>
<funding-group>
  <funding-statement>
<p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p>
  </funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<permissions>
  <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
  <copyright-holder>Humanity Publications</copyright-holder>
  <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
  </license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="text/html" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/article/indias-technological-ascendancy-in-south-asia-strategic-security-and-geopolitical-challenges-for-pakistan"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/1mlBsmY7A4.pdf"/>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/1mlBsmY7A4.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  <abstract>
    <p>What India has achieved in acquiring, in hardly any time, next-generation weapon systems for future battlefields, hypersonic missile capability, warfare with artificial intelligence, cyber power, quantum computing, and space-based assets has suddenly changed the military-strategic landscape in the subcontinent and added to Indo-Pak rivalry, besides putting structures of nuclear deterrence under severe stress. Anchored in the lenses of offensive realism and security dilemma theories, the paper also examines the drivers of India&apos;s military modernization, its linear progression, and the multi-dimensional implications for Pakistan&apos;s defense policy and geostrategy. Specific focus is drawn to India&apos;s unilateral suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). Results add to the growing narrative of the destabilization of strategic stability, intensified arms race kinetics, and environmental exposure, illustrating the need for active diplomacy, legal action, and asymmetric responses to encourage de-escalating trends in a nuclearized part of the world.</p>
  </abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
  <kwd>Indo-Pakistani Rivalry</kwd>
  <kwd>Military Modernization</kwd>
  <kwd>Offensive Realism</kwd>
  <kwd>Security Dilemma</kwd>
  <kwd>Strategic Stability</kwd>
  <kwd>Geopolitical Dynamics</kwd>
  <kwd>Nuclear Deterrence</kwd>
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<body>
  <sec id="sec-intro">
    <title>Content</title>
    <p>What India has achieved in acquiring, in hardly any time, next-generation weapon systems for future battlefields, hypersonic missile capability, warfare with artificial intelligence, cyber power, quantum computing, and space-based assets has suddenly changed the military-strategic landscape in the subcontinent and added to Indo-Pak rivalry, besides putting structures of nuclear deterrence under severe stress. Anchored in the lenses of offensive realism and security dilemma theories, the paper also examines the drivers of India&apos;s military modernization, its linear progression, and the multi-dimensional implications for Pakistan&apos;s defense policy and geostrategy. Specific focus is drawn to India&apos;s unilateral suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). Results add to the growing narrative of the destabilization of strategic stability, intensified arms race kinetics, and environmental exposure, illustrating the need for active diplomacy, legal action, and asymmetric responses to encourage de-escalating trends in a nuclearized part of the world.</p>
  </sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group content-type="conflict-of-interest">
  <title>Conflict of Interest</title>
  <fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="ethics-statement">
  <title>Ethics Statement</title>
  <fn fn-type="ethics">
<p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="data-availability">
  <title>Data Availability</title>
  <fn fn-type="data-availability-statement">
<p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
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  <app id="app-suppl">
    <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
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  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
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</app-group>
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</article>