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<journal-meta>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">67</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="short-title">gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr</journal-id>
  <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Global Foreign Policies Review</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">gfpr</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group>
  <issn publication-format="print">2788-502X</issn>
  <issn publication-format="electronic">2788-5038</issn>
  <self-uri xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com"/>
  <publisher>
    <publisher-name>Humanity Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Pakistan</publisher-loc>
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</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
  <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">395837</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr.2025(VIII-III).05</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="submission-id">6304</article-id>
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      <subject>article</subject>
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  </article-categories>
  <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">US-Saudi Relations: A Comparative Study of Trump and Biden Administrations (2017-2024)</article-title>
  </title-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="1" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Sarwar</surname>
      <given-names>Zaiba</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Conceptualization" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">Conceptualization</role>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – original draft" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft/">Writing – original draft</role>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
    <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"/>
  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="2">
    <name>
      <surname>Rashid</surname>
      <given-names>Asma</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
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  <aff id="aff1">
    <label>1</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of Politics &amp; International Relations, International Islamic University</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">PhD Scholar</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff2">
    <label>2</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of Politics &amp; International Relations, International Islamic University</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Lecturer</named-content>
    <addr-line>Islamabad</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
  <corresp id="cor1">Corresponding Author: Zaiba Sarwar, PhD Scholar, Department of Politics &amp; International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn-coi">
  <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="ethics-statement" id="fn-ethics">
  <p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="data-availability-statement" id="fn-data">
  <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
  <day>30</day>
  <month>09</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>09</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="print">
  <day>08</day>
  <month>08</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
  <volume>8</volume>
  <issue>3</issue>
  <season>Summer</season>
  <fpage>38</fpage>
  <lpage>50</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>08</day>
      <month>08</month>
      <year>2025</year>
    </date>
  </history>
<funding-group>
  <funding-statement>
<p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p>
  </funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<permissions>
  <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
  <copyright-holder>Humanity Publications</copyright-holder>
  <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
  </license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="text/html" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/article/us-saudi-relations-a-comparative-study-of-trump-and-biden-administrations-20172024"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/LzJMw2WNV6.pdf"/>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/LzJMw2WNV6.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  <abstract>
    <p>Pakistan and Afghanistan are two neighboring states sharing both religious and cultural identities as well as multiple crossing points along their borders. Both countries have had ups and downs in their bilateral relations; however, the takeover of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the nexus between the Taliban and Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), led to an intensifying security situation in Pakistan, which ultimately resulted in tightening bilateral relations between the two countries. This paper uses a secondary qualitative research design where data have been collected from already existing sources and analyzed with the help of the content analysis method. The nexus between the Taliban and TTP is a result of factors such as religion, common ethnicity, and ideological monolith. TTP allegedly used Afghanistan soil to engage in terrorist activities against Pakistan, which brought mistrust and uncertainty in bilateral relations between them.</p>
  </abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords">
  <kwd>Strained Relationships</kwd>
  <kwd>Security Problems</kwd>
  <kwd>Oil Politics</kwd>
  <kwd>Priority Visit</kwd>
  <kwd>Changing Dynamics</kwd>
  <kwd>Middle Eastern Region</kwd>
  <kwd>Cordial Relationship</kwd>
  <kwd>Human Rights Issues</kwd>
</kwd-group>
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</front>
<body>
  <sec id="sec-intro">
    <title>Content</title>
    <p>Pakistan and Afghanistan are two neighboring states sharing both religious and cultural identities as well as multiple crossing points along their borders. Both countries have had ups and downs in their bilateral relations; however, the takeover of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the nexus between the Taliban and Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), led to an intensifying security situation in Pakistan, which ultimately resulted in tightening bilateral relations between the two countries. This paper uses a secondary qualitative research design where data have been collected from already existing sources and analyzed with the help of the content analysis method. The nexus between the Taliban and TTP is a result of factors such as religion, common ethnicity, and ideological monolith. TTP allegedly used Afghanistan soil to engage in terrorist activities against Pakistan, which brought mistrust and uncertainty in bilateral relations between them.</p>
  </sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group content-type="conflict-of-interest">
  <title>Conflict of Interest</title>
  <fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="ethics-statement">
  <title>Ethics Statement</title>
  <fn fn-type="ethics">
<p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="data-availability">
  <title>Data Availability</title>
  <fn fn-type="data-availability-statement">
<p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<app-group>
  <app id="app-suppl">
    <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/LzJMw2WNV6.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  </app>
</app-group>
</back>
</article>