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  <journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr</journal-id>
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    <journal-title>Global Foreign Policies Review</journal-title>
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  <issn publication-format="print">2788-502X</issn>
  <issn publication-format="electronic">2788-5038</issn>
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  <publisher>
    <publisher-name>Humanity Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Pakistan</publisher-loc>
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<article-meta>
  <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">395839</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31703/gfpr.2025(VIII-III).07</article-id>
  <article-id pub-id-type="other" specific-use="submission-id">6306</article-id>
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  <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Economic Competition between the US and China during the Presidencies of Donald Trump and Joe Biden: A Comparative Analysis</article-title>
  </title-group>
<contrib-group>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="1" corresp="yes">
    <name>
      <surname>Rasool</surname>
      <given-names>Israr</given-names>
    </name>
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  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="2">
    <name>
      <surname>Nawaz</surname>
      <given-names>Adnan</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
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  </contrib>
  <contrib contrib-type="author" seq="3">
    <name>
      <surname>Mustafa</surname>
      <given-names>Ghulam</given-names>
    </name>
    <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Writing – review &amp; editing" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing/">Writing – review &amp; editing</role>
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  </contrib>
  <aff id="aff1">
    <label>1</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">PhD Scholar</named-content>
    <addr-line>Punjab</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff2">
    <label>2</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>(OPS), Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Assistant Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>Punjab</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
  <aff id="aff3">
    <label>3</label>
    <institution-wrap>
      <institution>Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad</institution>
    </institution-wrap>
    <named-content content-type="author-role">Associate Professor</named-content>
    <addr-line>Punjab</addr-line>
    <country>Pakistan</country>
  </aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
  <corresp id="cor1">Corresponding Author: Israr Rasool, PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.</corresp>
<fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="fn-coi">
  <p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="ethics-statement" id="fn-ethics">
  <p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="data-availability-statement" id="fn-data">
  <p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
  <day>30</day>
  <month>09</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
  <month>09</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="print">
  <day>08</day>
  <month>08</month>
  <year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
  <volume>8</volume>
  <issue>3</issue>
  <season>Summer</season>
  <fpage>62</fpage>
  <lpage>73</lpage>
  <history>
    <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>08</day>
      <month>08</month>
      <year>2025</year>
    </date>
  </history>
<funding-group>
  <funding-statement>
<p>The authors received no specific funding for this work.</p>
  </funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<permissions>
  <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
  <copyright-holder>Humanity Publications</copyright-holder>
  <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
    <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p>
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</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="text/html" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/article/economic-competition-between-the-us-and-china-during-the-presidencies-of-donald-trump-and-joe-biden-a-comparative-analysis"/>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/FYMB9Ybjet.pdf"/>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/FYMB9Ybjet.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
  </caption>
</supplementary-material>
  <abstract>
    <p>This paper analyzes the economic rivalry between America and China in terms of the Trump and Biden presidencies. The United States under Trump (2017-2021) was led by an aggressive, America First policy, which is characterised by trade war tension, tariffs, and a priority of curbing the American trade deficit with China. The introduction of tariffs caused poor relations and an economic imbalance, whereas the attempts to decouple supply chains and block Chinese tech companies were manifestations of a more extensive policy of suppressing the economic growth of China.  Although restoring some of the tariffs under the Trump administration, Biden has focused on strategic competition by utilising a more collaborative international system, such as the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) and re-entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO). In this paper, a comparison of the major policies and strategic contrasts between the two administrations to their relations and overall international economic dynamics.</p>
  </abstract>
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  <kwd>America First Policy</kwd>
  <kwd>IPEF</kwd>
  <kwd>WTO</kwd>
  <kwd>Indo-Pacific</kwd>
  <kwd>China</kwd>
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<body>
  <sec id="sec-intro">
    <title>Content</title>
    <p>This paper analyzes the economic rivalry between America and China in terms of the Trump and Biden presidencies. The United States under Trump (2017-2021) was led by an aggressive, America First policy, which is characterised by trade war tension, tariffs, and a priority of curbing the American trade deficit with China. The introduction of tariffs caused poor relations and an economic imbalance, whereas the attempts to decouple supply chains and block Chinese tech companies were manifestations of a more extensive policy of suppressing the economic growth of China.  Although restoring some of the tariffs under the Trump administration, Biden has focused on strategic competition by utilising a more collaborative international system, such as the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) and re-entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO). In this paper, a comparison of the major policies and strategic contrasts between the two administrations to their relations and overall international economic dynamics.</p>
  </sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group content-type="conflict-of-interest">
  <title>Conflict of Interest</title>
  <fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="ethics-statement">
  <title>Ethics Statement</title>
  <fn fn-type="ethics">
<p>This study did not require formal ethics approval.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
<fn-group content-type="data-availability">
  <title>Data Availability</title>
  <fn fn-type="data-availability-statement">
<p>Data sharing is not applicable to this article.</p>
  </fn>
</fn-group>
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  <app id="app-suppl">
    <title>Supplementary Materials</title>
<supplementary-material id="suppl-pdf" content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://gfprjournal.com/pdf/gfpr/FYMB9Ybjet.pdf">
  <label>PDF</label>
  <caption>
    <title>Full Text PDF</title>
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