The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
This study did not require formal ethics approval.
Data sharing is not applicable to this article.
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
The United States' departure from Afghanistan in August 2021 reshaped the region's geopolitical landscape. This research analyses how relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan have changed in the post-withdrawal era, clarifying the issues involved, including the range of security concerns, political confrontations, and the scope and form of potential collaboration. Using secondary data, the research reveals that, despite initial hopes for improved relations under the Taliban, relations have continued to deteriorate because of terrorism, border disputes, and mistrust. The research concludes with suggestions for improving relations between the two countries and regional peace.
The United States' departure from Afghanistan in August 2021 reshaped the region's geopolitical landscape. This research analyses how relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan have changed in the post-withdrawal era, clarifying the issues involved, including the range of security concerns, political confrontations, and the scope and form of potential collaboration. Using secondary data, the research reveals that, despite initial hopes for improved relations under the Taliban, relations have continued to deteriorate because of terrorism, border disputes, and mistrust. The research concludes with suggestions for improving relations between the two countries and regional peace.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
This study did not require formal ethics approval.
Data sharing is not applicable to this article.